Kasper Hornbæk (2006)
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 64(2), 79-102.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2005.06.002
Abstract. Hornbæk's review of 180 usability-study publications surfaces the field's measurement problems — operationalisations of effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction vary wildly; correlations between objective and subjective measures are surprisingly weak; many studies confuse error rate with task failure. The canonical critique that should temper anyone's confidence in a single summative usability metric.
Tags: statistics measurement methodology foundational