Raja Parasuraman, Thomas B. Sheridan, & Christopher D. Wickens (2000)
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 30(3), 286-297.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/3468.844354
Abstract. The Parasuraman-Sheridan-Wickens taxonomy of automation — four stages (information acquisition, analysis, decision, action) × ten levels (full manual through full automation). The most-cited framework for human-automation interaction design across aviation, healthcare, and now AI assistants.
Tags: aviation automation foundational